INTRODUCTION:

Pollution: It`s the effect of unwanted variation at our environment which have harmful and toxic effects on plants, animals and humans. Metals is very important for human`s life where it is found in the human body with trace amount and this metals do different roles in it. When the amount of metal increases more than the normal ratio, it will give adverse impact. In our Environment, if the metal amount is more than it`s normal amount, it will be as a pollutant component. All the increasing of metal quantity return to human`s activities. The large quantities of theses pollutants go to the water, soil and small quantities to air. Zinc, Nickel, Cobalt and manganese Extra (1). This metals are called heavy metal because of the high environmental toxicity problems (2, 3). Toxicity of heavy metal return to its accumulative nature in the bodies of human living organisms, humans and animals need to small amount of these metals.

They gain it from the plants through the food chain. Therefore, increase of concentration of these heavy metals more than its limit, exposure the consumer to risk of toxicity heavy metals. This increasing with metals ratio may be due to growth of plants in polluted soil with heavy metal. Soil polluted may be return to geological weathering of soil, excessive use of chemical fertilizer, overuse of agricultural pesticides and mostly polluted of soil result from irrigation with contaminated water which is polluted with the waste of factories, laboratories, water infiltration and sewage.

The accumulation of heavy metals is recorded at mud (Clay) land with marine origin or land which exposure irrigation with sewage for a long time. This gathering metals increase at surface layer deep of (0-20)cm^-1 and it`s found that Cadmium can increase to deep of (0-100)cm^-1(4).

Chromium:

Chromium is very common metal at our environment which is found richly on earth(5). Chromium own more than one oxidation state Cr⁺², Cr⁺³, Cr⁺⁶ and the more common oxidation states are tri valent and hexa valent. On the other side, Cr⁺² convert to Cr⁺⁶form(6).

The oxidation state form Cr+3, Cr+6 are have toxicity for living organism and harm ful for human health (5).

The source of Chromium in our environment by burn coal and oil and it released to environment through environment through Drainage and fertilizers. As well as it is found in petroleum, dyes oxidants, catalyst, compost (7).

Human can exposure to chromium throughout breathing, touching skin, drinking and eating with Chromium and it`s compounds. Chromium rates in air and soil or water is very little and wells water contains (Cr6). All individual needs of Cr3 taking by eating which is available in fruit, vegetables, meat, seeds and yeast. Cr3 is the kind of chromium which can be useful for human health. Cr3 decreasing cause Heart disorders, disorders of metabolism and diabetes. At the other side, increasing of Cr3 causes skin rash. Cr6, which is harmful for human healthy, is found in place of Steel and textile factory. This type of Chromium occur many different diseases like Stomach disorders, breathing, ulcers, weak immune system, kidney and liver atrophy and change in genetic material. As well as effect of industry pollution with Cr6, rate of Cr6 increase in man`s body who is smoking tobacco (8, 9).

Manganese:

Manganese as metal has many advantage like it`s usage for growth of human bone.

It`s correlation with amine acid, fats, metabolism for carbohydrates and its existence with part of million in different enzymes, transport directives from and to body parts.

Manganese have many physiological processes in human and other living creatures. It is play main role and represent a main part of enzymes components (10).

Manganese toxicity is little than the other heavy metals. Increasing of its concentration in domestic water more than normal cause lees and taste (more than 0.1 mg/lit). Manganese presence increase in wells water and it has the ability to spot clothing, tools and electrical connections. It is deposited in water pipes and has a black layer if it exceeds 0.02 mg/L (11, 12).

Increasing of Manganese concentration more that the range 0.24-0.35mg/L may be cause a temporary failure of concentration in children. There is a study proved that children how drink water with high concentration of Mn, they suffer from lake of concentration and attentiveness in classes (13, 14)

Individual how aged more than 50 years (adults over 50 years), drink water with high concentration of Mn, suffer from Neurotoxicity (15).

Mn usually affects the brain and the central nervous system, causing impaired neurological and neuromuscular control, among other symptoms (16-18).

Iron:

In all living organisms and in humans, Fe is an fundamental element for them life. Iron come in basic element of proteins and many enzymes, inclusive hemoglobin and myoglobin beside of definitive component for growth and survival of roughly all living creatures Metals, toxicity and oxidative stress (19-23).

Iron is an appealing metal for numerous biological redox operations because of its internal transformation, between two redox state, ferrous (Fe²⁺) and ferric (Fe³⁺) ions (24).

The origin of Fe in surface, water is anthropogenic and is concerning to mining actions. The production of sulfuric acid and the discharge of ferrous (Fe⁺²) proceed consequent oxidation of iron pyrites (FeS₂) that are widespread in coal seams Metals, toxicity and oxidative stress (25).

The tow below equations clarify the redox processes from one oxidation to other for Iron (26):

2FeS₂ + 7O₂ → 2FeSO₄ + H₂SO₄(ferrous)

4FeSO₄ + O₂ + 10H₂O → 4Fe(OH)₃ + 4H₂SO₄(ferric)

Dissolved Iron concentration in the deep ocean is normal ratio about 0.6 nM or 33.5 × 10⁻⁹ mg/L. Iron is commonly more numerous in freshwater environment than other metals, because of its aloft appearance on soil and its concentration is very depressed with a disclosure scale of 5 μg/L – ICP, while in underground water the amount of Fe is very high with 20 mg/L (27, 28).

Fe lack can cause anemia and fatigue which are ordinarily popular among children who aged five years, pregnant women and the individual is immune deficient, consequently making individual immunity to considerable contagion (29).

A study of Fe metal on aquatic plants, in particular rice, recorded that the development of species of aquatic cane rice was found to be demoralize by concentration of 1 mg/L overall Fe (30).

The use of Fe-rich water for domestic purposes, such as drinking and washing, is as a rule correlating with no acceptable metallic savor and smearing of clothes. Hemochromatosis, a genetic disorder, has been reported to be the consequence of consuming large amounts of Fe. The U.S. EPA has argued that that the consumption of water with a high Fe concentration does not necessarily lead to any negative health effect, because the acquisition of elevated concentration of Fe in humans is basically through the consumption of Fe-rich foods (31).

For this cause the acceptable limit of Fe concentration in water, which use in domestic using and for drinking is about 0.1-0.3mg/L and the limit more than this value do not acceptable for Fe in drinking water (32, 33).

Research study determined that Fe as both frontal and circuitous influences on river ecosystems, as it impacts by meddlesome with their ordinary metabolism and Oscillation of the living cell and lotic organisms.

The study also investigated that side by side of Fe impurity can minimize the existence and variety of several aquatic creatures like fish. High concentration of Fe jointly with its sediment in aquatic ecosystems do have unfavorable influences on the attitude, generation and existence of aquatic animals (34-38, 17).

Mechanism of Iron toxicity:

An enormous range of hurtful free radicals are created when the digest Fe defeat to connect to the protein, which in turn hardly influences the concentration of Fe in mammalian cells and biological thinning. This occurring unrestrained Fe results in corrosion effectiveness of the gastrointestinal tract and biological. An extremely higher standard of Fe step inside the body crossing the rate-limiting intake step and becomes appeased. These free Fe particles insinuate into cells of the heart, liver and brain. Because of the perturbation of oxidative phosphorylation by free Fe, the ferrous state of Iron is turned to ferric state of Iron that freeing (H⁺), so mounting metabolic acidity. The free Iron can also lead to lipid peroxidation, which gives in intense hurt to mitochondria, microsomes and other cellular organelles (39).

The toxicity of Fe on cells has perform to iron mediated tissue hurt embrace cellular oxidizing and reduction mechanisms and their toxicity across intracellular organelles like mitochondria and lysosomes. An extensive range of free radicals that are supposed to purpose potential cellular hurt are created by overflowing assimilation of Iron. The Iron generated hydrogen free radicals offensive DNA, give rise to in cellular hurt, mutation and malignant processing which in detour purpose an arranging of diseases (40).

Cobalt:

Metal has much advantage as well as its harmful effect on human healthy. Its good effect return to its entry in B₁₂ vitamin. Cobalt is found in nature by different chemicals types (41,42). The metal is not soluble in water but some of its compounds dissolve in water and soil. These solubility compounds can still in land and soil for many years and cobalt can seep to underground water. Then plant absorbs it (43,44). Cobalt is essential for animal growth or development however exposure for high amount of cobalt cause problem with fetus (of animal laboratory) development at third month of its configure. Many researchers suppose that Cobalt may be carcinogen. Animal laboratory suffer from cancer when exposure to breath air polluted with Cobalt or feed on food polluted with Cobalt(45,46,47).

Nickle:

Nickle is Silver white metal which is mixed with other metals to form alloys (48,49).

So, It is used to make coins, metal tools and Jewels. As well as its compounds used to produce painting materials, Ceramic coating, Manufacture of batteries and as catalysis in chemical reactions. Nickle is an abundant element and found in nature as metal oxide or as metal sulfate. Nickle sulfate is presenting in soil. The metal compounds come out with the volcanoes. Nickle atoms settle in the soil from air or by speared out of air with rain. Nickle atoms associate with molecules containing Manganese and Iron metals. Nickle do not found in fish, plant or animal which using for human food. Poisonous with Nickle may be by trading and touching coins, tobacco smoking, drinking water including limit amount of Nickle metal and eating food containing Nickle metal which represent a major source of exposure to the majority of people. Absent of Nickle don`t make any effect on human health on the contrary human touch with compound of Nickle may cause skin rush. Individual, who suffer from sensitive of Nickle, may be displaying asthma attack. Nickle and its compound, which result from coefficient of refining and refining nickel, correspond as carcinogenic materials(50). Research showed that Nickle compound which dissolves in water was not while not soluble compound of Nickle was carcinogen (51).

Copper:

Copper is used as pesticide as well as of it is found in the environment as naturally element and it`s important needing for living organisms. Copper at pesticide make a biochemichal complexes with cycle of formation this complexes invert to organic pesticides compounds. These copper complexes don`t decomposed. Organic compounds have the main role in copper bioavailability as dissolve complexes in water. Aquatic living organisms differ in their sensibility toward Copper. Mollusks are one kind of more than one animal which can endure elevation concentricity of the metal. Whereas a different animals are adversely influenced by very low concentrations of copper. Emerging proofs display that very depressed, sublethal copper standards can adversely impact the sensation of scent and demeanor of fish. Copper poising mechanisms was explained in many studied included restraint of key enzymes and disarrangement of osmoregulation in the gill. More studies are needed to evaluate (52).

Copper is important to develop connective tissue, nerve covers, bones and share with Iron in metabolism of energy. Because of its abundance, copper enters in different life field like industry and agriculture. The human body takes its needs of copper by eating, drinking and breathing. Take big quantities of Copper will be harmful for human healthy. Copper compounds settle down in water or in soil molecules. The risky matter come from copper soluble compounds which dissolve or found in soil molecules, subsequently these compounds effect on agriculture and its presence will rise in plant products. Finally, human feed with these polluted products. Presence of Copper at air limit and its harmful effect on human healthy comes from breathing and the individual how is existing near of metal smelting places. Breathing of Copper fumes causes metal fume fever (53,54).

Cadimium:

Cd is a pointless element and is so toxic to marine and aquatic life of freshwater. A study of Cd concentration and its level effect on aquatic life is achieved which show that idealist concentration of Cd should be (0.003mg/L) and the concentration of Cd did not comply with (1.5mg/L). This concentration of Cd in drinking water complies with the value which gained and complies to provide a valid environment aquatic life (17, 55, 56).

Zinc:

biological importance of Zn represented by it` different physiological functions in humans and other life creatures (57).

It`s effect on human healthy give reverse action when Zn concentration and its amount boost in human body where it follows by worse effect on most processes (58).

A study of Zn concentration levels affect were achieved and found that the recommended limit for domestic water using is 3mg/L(59).

But for protection of aquatic life should be about (0.002mg/L) (60).

Aluminum:

Aluminum is the third most numerous metals occurred in the earth's crust (61).

Aluminum work out surely in the air, water and soil. Mining and manufacturing of aluminum promote its scale in the environment. The new studying on environmental toxicology expose that Aluminum might civilize a main impendence for humans health, and other living creatures (animals and plants) in causing considerable diseases (62).

Many agents, inclusive pH of water and organic object content, extremely effectiveness the toxicity of Aluminum with lessening pH its toxicity rises. The mobilization of toxic aluminum ions, causing by variations in the pH of soil and water resulting from acid rains and mounting acidification of the surrounding atmosphere, has an reverse influence on the environment. This is proved by the drying of Forestry, plant toxicity, harvest decline or failure, death of watery animals as well as by various imponderables in the function of human and animal systems (63).

Crops production affect by soil acidity. A pH little than 5(pH˂5)lead to conformation of acidic soil which be non-good soil for agricultures. Because of Aluminum poisoning, the harvest production was limited to 67% of the overall acid soil lands in the world. Aluminum is one of the most well-known found metals in the earth crust. Aluminum in acid soil (pH˂5), silicon gets nominated parting backwards Aluminum in solid style renowned as Aluminum oxyhydroxides gibbsite (gibbsite is a colorless mineral consisting of Aluminum hydroxide, found mainly as component of bauxite or encrustations and boehmite (boehmite is a crystalline mineral compound composed of aluminum oxide and hydroxide and found in bauxite).These unsettled forms of Aluminum release phytotoxic(is poisonous to plants)of three oxidation state (Al⁺³)familiar as [Al(OH)₆]⁺³ in soil (64).

The interaction of Al⁺³ with plasma membrane leads to poisoning and distracts the physical and cellular operations in plants. The popular aspects are root evolution inhibition, cellular alteration in leaves, young and blackish green leaves of plant, yellowing and doom of leaves, chlorosis, purpling and foliar necrosis (65).

Aluminum in high concentricity is extremely toxic for watery animals, principally for gill breath creatures such as fish, bringing about osmoregulatory washout by devastation the plasma and hemolymph ions. The performance of gill enzyme, major for the uptake of ions, is demoralize by the monomeric formulation of Aluminum in fish (66).

Living watery creatures, like seaweeds and crawfish, is also influenced by (Al)poisoning (67).

Aluminum owned no biological function and is a poisoning pointless metal to microorganisms (68).

Enzymes like hexokinase, phosphodiesterase, alkalic phosphatase and phosphoxidase are frustrate by Aluminum since it owned a chief affinity to DNA and RNA. Metabolic passageway in the living creatures encompassing calcium, phosphorous, fluorine and Iron metabolism are influenced by Aluminum. Aluminum has been occurred to be much felled to nervous, osseous and hemopoietic cells (69).

Mechanism of Aluminum poisoning:

Aluminumnips up with generality physical and cellular operation. The exact mechanism of intake of Aluminum by the gastrointestinal tract isn`t comprehend perfectly. According to literature surveys, it is complicated to afford a convenient period of time for Aluminum toxicity since some markings of Aluminum poisoning can be discovered in very little time of seconds or in minutes next exposure to Aluminum (70).

Aluminum poisoning possibly effect from the interaction between Aluminum and plasma membrane, apoplastic and symplasticbases (71).

Mg⁺² and F⁺³ are exchanged by Al⁺³ in human body, which results in many troubles correlating with intercellular connection, cellular growth and secretive assignments. The modifications that are happened in neurons cells by Aluminum like to the degenerative hardships apparent in Alzheimer patients. The greatest complications of Aluminum Poisoning are neurotoxicity influences like neuronal atrophy in the locus ceruleus, substantia nigra and striatum (72).

Lead:

One of heavy metal is lead which is harmful to human healthy and it is corresponding as a pollutant metal for our environmental. The larger amount of lead pollutant comes from burning the fuel and spreads in the air. Individual who exposure to lead as pollutant is drivers of cars especially at crowded towns. All Pollution state come from breathing, eat a substance mixed with lead or by using cosmetics which are contain lead in its composition. Lead effect on blood system because it effects on bone marrow thus the source of blood and the immune system. As well as lead effect on nervous system causes lack of concentration, memory, disposition and mood. Many studies proved that heavy metals cause cancer like Lead. Frequently, Lead entre our bodies step by step but exposure to a large amount of Lead metal lead to toxicity. During a certain period of time the person does not feel the symptoms but over time feel nervous or tired, may be thought that the reason is the psychological pressure while it is the result of the impact of bullets on him. Diagnosis of individual lead poisoning is performed through blood tests which show immediate exposure, and hair tests that show chronic exposure (60).

Mercury:

Mercury is the more risky heavy metal for human healthy because its ability to kill human nerve cells and it has become of our environment for humans activities which implicate sewage drainage, agriculture, municipal, mining, incineration and Drainage of industrial wastewater (73,74).

Mercury found in our nature at different form (organometallic compounds, inorganic salts) as well as its ordinary form as an elemental form. It is liquid in its ordinary form which is the more important property of Hg as elemental make it suitable to use in extensively in measuring equipment(pyrometers, thermometers, etc.), mercury arc and fluorescent lamps, as a catalyst, as well as its use as a component of batteries, in industries (pulp and paper), and mostly as amalgams in dental preparations is worth mentioning.

Burning and mining are tow mainly processes which push mercury metal to our environment especially to air and erosion of natural depots, evacuation industrial wastewater and water flow from landfill sites. In human body, average of half – time of sniff Hg is about 60 days (75).

Symptoms refer to metallic mercury exposure comprise lung damage (pulmonary toxicity), mucous membrane changes, vomiting, diarrhoea, nausea, increased heart rate hypertension, nephrotoxicity and sever neurologic abnormalities (76,77).

Intellectual troubles that lead to behavioral changes, bother, sorrow, tremble, and reduced coordination of muscles are common neurological symptoms. The more common oxidation state for inorganic mercury is mercuric (Hg⁺²) or mercurous (Hg⁺) form. Mercury inorganic compound are soluble in water, their toxicity is much greater contrasted with the elemental form of mercury. This compounds have a half-life of 40 days inside of human body (78,79,60).

Arsenic:

One of the most paramount heavy metals breed restless from both environmental and human health viewpoints (80). Semimetallicis one of Arsenic properties as well as toxicity carcinogenic and common available in the composition of oxides, sulfides or as a salt of metals (iron, sodium, calcium, copper, etc.)(81).

Arsenic is the 20^th most plenty component on our soil and air. Inorganic compounds of Arsenic like arsenite and arsenate form are fatal to the environment and organisms. Individual might exposed arsenic by natural and industrial pollutant or other sources like unintended sources. Water of domestic using might gain defiled by utilize of pesticides with arsenical, natural mineral deposits or unsuitable elimination of chemicals with arsenical component. Confer consuming of arsenic in case of suicidal try or episodic consumption by children may also outcome in situations of severe toxicity (82).

Arsenic metal is a protoplasticvenom since it influence foremost the sulphydryl group of cells giving rise to troubles of cell breathing, cell enzymes and mitosis (83).

Mechanism of arsenic toxicity:

In arsenic biotransformation, hurtful inorganic arsenic compositions bring methylated by microorganism and humans to allow monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA). This biotransformation operation, The inorganic arsenic forms (iAs) are modified enzymatically to methylated arsenicals that are the end metabolites and the biomarker of chronic arsenic exposure.

iAs^(V) → iAs^(III) → MMA^(V) → MMA^(III) → DMA^(V)

Biomethylation is a process of removing toxic materials and the final result are methylated inorganic arsenic like MMA^V and DMA^V, which secreted out of urine are bioindication of chronic arsenic exposure. Nevertheless MMA^III is not sweated and remainders inside the cell as an intermediate compound.

Monomethylarsonic acid (MMA^III), an intermediate compound, is very poisoning contrast to different arsenicals, potentially responsible for arsenic-induced carcinogenesis (84,85).

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Received on 09.03.2018 Modified on 29.04.2018

Research J. Pharm. and Tech 2018; 11(9): 4035-4041.

DOI: 10.5958/0974-360X.2018.00743.6